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Common Linux Commands

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This text provides information on various commands for viewing directory information, changing directories, displaying the current path, viewing system information, clearing the screen, displaying file contents, switching user identities, copying files, moving files, creating folders, creating files, deleting files and directories, displaying network configuration information, rebooting and shutting down the system, accessing system help, synchronizing data to disk, finding files, searching for content in files, checking folder sizes, checking disk space, opening files with gedit, viewing current system processes, and monitoring real-time process status.

Directory Information Viewing#

Directory Viewing Command#

Syntax:

ls [-alrtAFR] [name...]

Parameters:

  • -a Display all files and directories (including hidden files starting with .)
  • -d Only list directories (do not recursively list files in directories).
  • -l Display file and directory information in long format, including permissions, owner, size, creation time, etc.
  • -r Display files and directories in reverse order.
  • -t Sort by modification time, with the newest files at the top.
  • -A Same as -a, but does not list "." (current directory) and ".." (parent directory)
  • -F Append a symbol to the listed file name; for example, "*" for executable files, "/" for directories
  • -R Recursively display all files and subdirectories in a directory.

Example:

ls -l

Output:

total 12
drwxr-xr-x  2 user user 4096 Jun  23 09:30 Documents
drwxr-xr-x  2 user user 4096 Jun  23 09:30 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x  2 user user 4096 Jun  23 09:30 Videos
-rw-r--r--  1 user user    0 Jun  23 09:30 file1.txt

Directory Change Command#

Syntax:

cd [dirName]

Parameters:

  • dirName The target directory to switch to.

  • ~ Jump to your own home directory

  • ../.. Up two levels

Example:

cd /home/user/Documents

Current Path Display Command#

Syntax:

pwd

Example:

pwd

Output:

/home/user/Documents

System Information Viewing Command#

Syntax:

uname

Example:

uname

Output:

Linux

Clear Screen Command#

Syntax:

clear

Example:

clear

Display File Content Command#

Syntax:

cat [file...]

Parameters:

  • file The file to display the content of.

Example:

cat file1.txt

Output:

Hello, world!

Switch User Identity Command#

Syntax:

sudo [command]

Parameters:

  • command The command to be executed with administrator privileges.

Example:

sudo apt-get update

File Copy Command#

Syntax:

cp [option] source destination

Parameters:

  • -i, --interactive Prompt for confirmation before overwriting files.

  • -v, --verbose Display detailed information during the copy process.

  • source The source file or directory to be copied.

  • destination The destination file or directory.

Example:



cp file1.txt file2.txt

Switch User Command#

Syntax:

su [user]

Parameters:

  • user The user to switch to.

Example:

su user2

File Move Command#

Syntax:

mv [option] source destination

Parameters:

  • -i, --interactive Prompt for confirmation before overwriting files.

  • -v, --verbose Display detailed information during the move process.

  • source The source file or directory to be moved.

  • destination The destination file or directory.

Example:

mv file1.txt /home/user/Documents

Create Folder Command#

Syntax:

mkdir [option] directory...

Parameters:

  • -p, --parents Create parent directories if they do not exist.

  • directory The directory to be created.

Example:

mkdir documents

Create File Command#

Syntax:

touch [option] file...

Parameters:

  • -a, --time=atime Change the access time.

  • -c, --no-create Do not create a new file.

  • -m, --time=mtime Change the modification time.

  • -r, --reference=FILE Use the time information of the specified file.

  • file The file to be created.

Example:

touch file1.txt

Delete Command#

Syntax:

rm [option] file...

Parameters:

  • -f, --force Ignore nonexistent files and do not display warnings.

  • -i, --interactive Prompt for confirmation.

  • -r, -R, --recursive Recursively delete directories and their contents.

  • file The file or directory to be deleted.

Example:

rm file1.txt

Directory Delete Command#

Syntax:

rmdir [option] directory...

Parameters:

  • -p, --parents Remove parent directories if they are empty.

  • directory The directory to be deleted.

Example:

rmdir documents

Display Network Configuration Information Command#

Syntax:

ifconfig

Example:

ifconfig

Output:

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.1.10  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.1.255
        inet6 fe80::c6e9:84ff:fe87:6835  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether c4:e9:84:87:68:35  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 45574  bytes 33661624 (33.6 MB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 23257  bytes 2469127 (2.4 MB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

Reboot Command#

Syntax:

reboot

Example:

reboot

Shutdown Command#

Syntax:

poweroff

Example:


shell
poweroff

System Help Command#

Syntax:

man [command]

Parameters:

  • command The command to view the help for.

Example:

man ls

Data Synchronization to Disk Command#

Syntax:

sync

Example:

sync

Find File Command#

Syntax:

find [path...] [expression]

Parameters:

  • path The path to search.
  • expression The expression to match.

Example:

find /home/user -name "*.txt"

Output:

/home/user/Documents/file1.txt
/home/user/Documents/file2.txt

Find Content Command#

Syntax:

grep [option] pattern [file...]

Parameters:

  • -i, --ignore-case Ignore case.

  • -r, --recursive Recursively search files in directories.

  • -l, --files-with-matches Only display file names that contain matches.

  • pattern The pattern to search for.

  • file The file to search.

Example:

grep "Hello" file1.txt

Output:

Hello, world!

Folder Size Command#

Syntax:

du [option] [directory...]

Parameters:

  • -s, --summarize Only display total size.

  • -h, --human-readable Display size in human-readable format.

  • directory The directory to check the size of.

Example:

du -sh /home/user/Documents

Output:

4.0K    /home/user/Documents

Disk Space Check Command#

Syntax:

df [option] [file...]

Parameters:

  • -h, --human-readable Display size in human-readable format.

  • file The file to check the space of.

Example:

df -h

Output:

Filesystem    Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1     100G   50G   50G  50% /

Open a File with gedit Command#

Syntax:

gedit [file...]

Parameters:

  • file: The file to open.

Example:

gedit file1.txt

Current System Process Viewing Command#

Syntax:

ps [option]

Parameters:

  • -a, --all: Display all processes, including those of other users.
  • -u, --user=USER: Only display processes of the specified user.
  • -x, --deselect: Do not display processes related to the terminal.
  • -e: Equivalent to -A, display all processes.
  • -f: Display detailed process information.
  • -l: Display process information in long format.
  • -p PID: Only display the specified PID process.
  • -U, --userlist=USERLIST: Display processes of the specified user list.

Example:

ps -ef

Output:

UID       

 PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 09:30 ?        00:00:01 /sbin/init
root         2     0  0 09:30 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root         3     2  0 09:30 ?        00:00:00 [rcu_gp]
...

Real-Time Process Status Viewing Command#

Syntax:

top

Example:

top

File Type Viewing Command#

Syntax:

file [file...]

Parameters:

  • file: The file to view the type of.

Example:

file file1.txt

Output:

file1.txt: ASCII text

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